Biochemical tests analyze the chemical composition and biochemical processes within biological samples, typically blood, urine, or other bodily fluids. These tests help diagnose diseases, monitor health conditions, and assess organ function.

Hematology tests focus on analyzing blood components to assess overall health, diagnose disorders, and monitor treatment.

Hormone tests measure the levels of various hormones in the blood, urine, or saliva to assess endocrine function, diagnose disorders, and monitor treatments.

Serology tests are diagnostic tests that detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in the blood to identify infections, autoimmune diseases, and other conditions. They work by analyzing the immune response to various pathogens.

Cultures are laboratory tests used to identify microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses) present in a sample from the body. This process involves growing these microorganisms in a controlled environment to analyze their characteristics and determine the cause of an infection.

Many different tests exist to detect and measure almost any type of chemical component in blood or urine. Components may include blood glucose, electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, lipids (fats), other metabolic substances, and proteins.